By Matthew Berger

WASHINGTON – A report and budget request from the United States Department of Defense reveal both new and old priorities for President Barack Obama’s Pentagon.

Strategically, the military recognizes new, non-traditional threats ranging from failed states to cyber-warfare to climate change, but there is little change in the military spending habits of the Obama Pentagon versus that of his predecessor.

The new Quadrennial Defense Review, a congressionally mandated report on the direction of US national security strategy, marks several major breaks from past reports. Whereas previous QDRs have had at their heart a strategy in which the country is able to fight two separate conventional wars, the report released on Monday shifts the focus to multiple and diffuse simultaneous threats.
“We have learned through painful experience that the wars we fight are rarely the wars we plan,’’ Defense Secretary RobertGates told reporters at the Pentagon.

New threats require new responses, and the report emphasizes having increased numbers of special forces, drones and helicopters as well as preparing for conflicts that take place in the realms of counterinsurgencies and cyberspace.

“Although it is a manmade domain, cyberspace is now as relevant a domain for DoD [Department of Defense] activities as the naturally occurring domains of land, sea, air, and space,” the report notes.

The report no longer lays out just how many conflicts the militaryshould be called on to fight.

Charles Knight, co-director of the Commonwealth Institute’s Project on Defence Alternatives, sees this as problematic. “They had never in the past defined what they meant [by a two-war strategy] but at least it had the number two in it … now you can go on forever dreaming up possible military engagement,” he said.

Among the objectives of the Pentagon’s strategy is the aphoristic “prevail in today’s wars”, which Gates noted is appearing in a QDR for the first time. “Success in wars to come will depend on success in these wars in progress,” he said.

The strategy also hopes to “prevent and deter conflict”, whichGates sees as happening through increased funding for diplomacy and development since the largest future threats will potentially come from “failed and fractured states”.

New to the report this time around is a section on preparing for climate- and energy-related challenges. Climate change will affect the DoD’s operations, the report says, citing a previous report showing how “climate-related changes are already being observed in every region of the world”.

It mentions rising sea levels, water shortages, melting Arctic ice, and extreme weather events as effects that could have geopolitical impacts.

“While climate change alone does not cause conflict, it may act as an accelerant of instability or conflict, placing a burden to respond on civilian institutions and militaries around the world. In addition, extreme weather events may lead to increased demands for defense support to civil authorities for humanitarian assistance or disaster response both within the United States and overseas,” the QDR says.

The report also lays out how the military is addressing climate-related issues, both in its own operations – in terms of reducing DOD’s reliance on fossil fuels, for instance – and in helping develop energy efficient and renewable technologies.

The Pentagon sees energy security – “assured access to reliable supplies of energy and the ability to protect and deliver sufficient energy to meet operational need” – as a strategic priority, and one which greener energy can help it secure.

Fiscal Year 2011 defense budget
This strategic planning represents the broad groundwork for the White House’s decision on what to keep in and cut from the military budget. Proposals on the budget were also released on Monday.

This fiscal year 2011 budget request calls for a record $708 billion in defense spending as part of the budget’s overall $3.8 trillion spending. This includes $159 billion for the ongoing operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan as well as an additional $33 billion to be added onto the 2010 budget for those operations, at $129.6 billion.

The budget request would also cut funding for several major weapons programs. The White House had also called for these cuts last year before congress rejected them, likely due to pressure from well-funded defense contractor groups.

On Monday, Gates called for an end to the “quixotic pursuit of high-tech equipment”, saying “every defense dollar spent on a program excess to real-world military needs is a dollar not spent [elsewhere]”.

The defense budget still represents an increase of 3.4% from the previous year, which continues a rising defense budget trend begun under George W Bush.

“When including war costs, Pentagon spending has grown by 70% in real terms since 2001,” noted the Center for a New American Security’s Travis Sharp in a policy briefing on Monday.

When evaluating the size of the DoD budget as a percentage ofgross domestic product (GDP), it is lower than at most points over the past 50 years, Sharp pointed out.

“Policymakers should not rely on too heavily on any single metric – whether dollars expressed in real terms or as a percentage of GDP – and thereby ignore the complexities inherent in something as unwieldy as the US defense budget,” he said.

But some see the fact that Obama has been maintaining a Bush-era level of defense spending as inherently problematic.

Miriam Pemberton, an analyst at the Institute for Policy Studies, is critical that the cuts do not go far enough.

“I think that this is a post-9/11 budget that tries to focus on asymmetric threats instead of major theater wars, but the problem is all the procurement and hardware for major theatre war. They’ve sort of added on to the old tech instead of replacing it,” she contends. “It’s a budget of add-ons instead of choices. They haven’t made many hard choices.”

Knight made a similar point, saying, “What stands out is how little has changed from the Bush administration to the Obama administration.”

But there has been one major shift in the QDR under Obama, Knight said. “The writing is much better … the ideological rhetoric is toned down, but the outcome is very, very similar. We still have the same defense policy. Basically, it’s just been dressed up in a different way.”

(Inter Press Service)