Some Muslim Philosophers from the 12th Century would be lynched by Muslims today.

Ibn Ṭufayl:

Ibn Ṭufayl (also spelt Ibn Tufail) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath and philosopher who lived in the 12th century. He was a physician, judge, and Sufi mystic, and is best known for his philosophical novel “Hayy ibn Yaqdhan” (Living Son of Awake), which is considered one of the earliest examples of Arabic philosophical fiction.

In this novel, Ibn Tufayl presents the story of a child, named Hayy, who is raised on a deserted island without any human contact. Through his own intuition and observation, Hayy discovers the existence of God and the principles of natural philosophy, eventually reaching the state of a “perfect man” who has achieved spiritual and intellectual enlightenment.

Ibn Tufayl’s teachings can be understood as a form of Neoplatonism and Sufism, which emphasize the idea of self-discovery, self-awareness, and the search for the true self. He also emphasized the importance of reason, observation and experience as the means to gain knowledge and understanding of the world and the self. He believed that the ultimate goal of human life is to achieve spiritual and intellectual enlightenment and to become a “perfect man”.

Ibn Tufayl’s novel was widely read and influential in the Islamic world and had a significant impact on medieval Arabic philosophy and literature. It was also translated into several languages and had a significant impact on the Western world, particularly on the works of philosophers such as René Descartes and John Locke.

Ibn Bājjah:

Ibn Bājjah (also spelt Ibn Bajja or Avempace) was an Andalusian Muslim philosopher and physician who lived in the 12th century. He was a student of Ibn Tufayl and a contemporary of the famous philosopher Averroes. He was known for his works in physics, mathematics, and medicine, but also for his philosophical works.

Ibn Bajjah’s ideas can be understood as a combination of Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism. He believed that the ultimate goal of human life is to achieve knowledge and understanding of the world and the self and to reach the highest level of human perfection which is the state of the “Perfect Man” or “Insān al-kāmil” in Arabic. He believed that the way to reach this state is through contemplation and self-awareness, which is attained through the natural sciences, mathematics, and metaphysics.

Ibn Bajjah also believed that human reason is the main tool for attaining knowledge and that the human mind has the ability to understand the principles of the universe and the nature of God. He also emphasized the importance of the empirical method and the role of observation and experience in attaining knowledge.

Ibn Bajjah’s ideas had a significant impact on medieval Arabic philosophy and had a profound influence on later philosophers such as Averroes and Thomas Aquinas. His works were widely read and studied in the Islamic world and the Western world, and his ideas continue to be studied and discussed by scholars of philosophy and Islamic studies today.

Averroës / Ibn Rushd

Averroës (also spelled Averroes or ibn Rushd) was an Andalusian Muslim philosopher and physician who lived in the 12th century. He was a contemporary of Ibn Bajjah and a student of the famous philosopher Ibn Tufayl. Averroës is considered one of the most important figures in medieval Arabic philosophy and his ideas had a significant impact on medieval Europe and the Islamic world.

Averroës was a follower of Aristotelianism and his main philosophical contribution is his extensive commentaries on the works of Aristotle. He attempted to reconcile Aristotelianism with Islam, and his commentaries were widely read and studied in the Islamic world and in medieval Europe.

Averroës believed that the ultimate goal of human life is to achieve knowledge and understanding of the world and the self, and he emphasized the importance of reason and the use of the scientific method to attain knowledge. He also believed that the human mind has the ability to understand the principles of the universe and the nature of God. He proposed that the ultimate reality is the Active Intellect, a separate eternal entity, which is the source of all human knowledge and understanding.

Averroës also believed in the concept of the “Double Truth” or “truth of the philosophers” and the “truth of religion”, which means that there are two types of truth: the truth of reason and the truth of faith. He believed that reason and faith are not in conflict and that they can be reconciled through proper understanding.

Averroës ideas had a significant impact on medieval Arabic philosophy, European Scholasticism and Renaissance thought, and his works were widely read and studied in the Islamic world and Europe. He is considered one of the most important figures in the history of philosophy and continues to be studied and discussed by scholars of philosophy and Islamic studies today.