Muslim-majority countries have often fallen behind in terms of human development, science, and economy. In order to understand this phenomenon, it is crucial to explore the historical context of Islam’s dominance and its current situation. Prof. Ahmed Kuru’s books shed light on the topics of Islam authoritarianism, underdevelopment, and secularism in Muslim countries. Among Muslim-majority countries, Pakistan and Indonesia stand out as engaging hubs for intellectual discourse. This blog post delves into the reasons behind the underdevelopment of Muslim-majority countries and examines the counterarguments blaming Islam and European colonization.

Blaming Islam and European Colonization

There are two main counterarguments when it comes to explaining the underdevelopment of Muslim-majority countries. Some seculars and academics believe that Islam, as a religion, hinders democracy and development. On the other hand, postcolonialists and certain Islamists blame Western imperialism for the current state of affairs.

Historical Overview: Muslim Dominance and Western Europe’s Development

Before the 11th century, the Muslim world held supremacy in various fields such as philosophy, economy, and intellectualism. In contrast, Western Europe lacked an intellectual class and had a strong alliance between the clergy and the state. The Muslim world, however, had a vibrant intellectual and bourgeois class, with a separation between the religious and political domains.

Transformation and Divergence

During the 11th and 12th centuries, the paths of Europe and the Muslim world took different routes in terms of economic and religious transformation. Europe witnessed the institutionalization of the separation between the church and royal authorities, the establishment of universities, and the rise of Italian city-states and the bourgeoisie. On the other hand, the Muslim world faced an economic crisis, leading to a semi-feudal economic transformation and a religious transformation influenced by the Abbasids.

The Rise of Sunni Reaction

The Sunni reaction, which aimed at unifying against various internal and external threats, played a significant role in the underdevelopment of Muslim-majority countries. Economic and ideological factors contributed to the rise of this reaction, which led to the strengthening of the alliance between the military state and religious authority. Influential scholars like Al-Ghazali also played a role in this transformation.

Challenges Faced by Muslims in Political and Intellectual Spheres

Throughout history, Muslims faced challenges in both political and intellectual spheres. The Quran does not provide specific guidance on matters of class or state but rather emphasizes obedience to those in authority. Some scholars were persecuted or forgotten, and scientific innovation declined after the 15th and 16th centuries. Unlike Europe, Muslims delayed the adoption of printing press technology, resulting in lower literacy rates.

Revival of Ideas and Structural Changes

Despite the underdevelopment, there are reasons to be optimistic about the future of Muslim-majority countries. Efforts like intellectual discussions and structural changes, including the decline of oil money, can bring about positive transformations. The openness of Muslim civilization in the past played a crucial role in its greatness, and embracing new ideas from different cultures was a key factor. Changes are also taking place in countries like Saudi Arabia and Indonesia, which are reevaluating Islamic law and making strides towards democratization.

Secularism and the Influence of Ulemas

The influence of Ulemas in the Muslim world raises questions about secularism. Surprisingly, the period of the 8th to 11th century in Vatican City saw a form of secularism due to the Ulemas’ influence. However, the French Revolution instilled the values of equality, liberty, and fraternity, generating revolutions in the 19th century. This contrast prompts a deeper exploration of the lack of consistency in the Muslim world regarding the separation of state and religion.

Promoting Development in Muslim Majority Countries

In order to promote development in Muslim-majority countries, it is crucial to focus on economic freedom and political participation. A long-term vision and a deeper understanding of world politics are necessary for sustainable progress and equality for all citizens.

So:

Understanding the underdevelopment of Muslim-majority countries requires a multidimensional approach. By examining the historical context, exploring counterarguments, and recognizing the structural changes and potential for revival, we can work towards creating a more equitable and prosperous future. It is essential to promote education, embrace new ideas, and foster democratic values in order to uplift Muslim-majority countries and overcome the obstacles they face in terms of development.

Mohammed Abbasi

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